UNIT 3 - TALK IN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Unseen texts:
- Naturally occurring speech (transcript)
- Literary work showing conversation
Social Context:
-Conversation in a social context do not hold much importance to the listener/conversationalist
- People do not tend to remember what is said during the conversation
- Real life
- Between friends, daily conversations
Realism:
-What we read appears to seem real (literary work)
- Tries to be realistic Verbatum - Latin for 'as is'
- Shows something exactly how it is
- Transcripts
Verbatum:
-Latin for 'as is'
- Shows something exactly how it i
- Transcripts
Linguistic Concepts and Approaches-
The Four Frameworks
Contextual Features:
1. Situational Factors - The situation you are in determines how you speak
- Where you are, environment, situation
2. Status and Relationship - Status - hierarchy (Hegemony - The person at the top of the hierarchy has control)
- Relationship - warm or cold relationship, if you care for them
- Symbiotic - both parties get something out of the conversation
3. Discourse Conventions - Discourse - the way in which you communicate
- Conventions - unwritten rules
- Sociolect
4. Purpose - Reason for conversation
Context of Dialogue:
1. Purpose
2. Audience
3. Genre
Interactional Features
1. Turn Taking - When people speak/respond in conversations
2. Pauses - Natural pauses
- Time to think
3. Agenda Setting - Who sets the topic of conversation (hegemony)
4. Modes of Address - What you call someone ('Sir')
Types of Exchange
(way we exchange dialogue)
Utterance Function Expected Response
Adjacency Pairs
1. Statement 2. Question 3. Request
Comment Answer Response
Response Comment Acknowledgement
1. Oh my gosh, you cut your hair!
Yeah, do you like it?
Yeah, it looks nice
2. Do you like my haircut?
Yeah, it looks nice!
Thanks
3. Could you get that for me, please?
Yeah
Thanks
Inference - We infer what has been uttered by understanding what has gone before
Presupposition - We assume something before we hear it uttered
Implicature - Where questions are not always that relevant and meaning
Turntaking
- Linked with power and status
- Taking most turns and speaks for longest --> holding the floor
- Consider context
Topic changes
- conversation changes from one topic to another
- Agenda setting --> person who chooses topic
Back-channel behaviour --> where a listener indicates that they want the speaker to continue
- Continuers : Hands floor back to speaker : What do you think ?
- Acknowledgements: Expresses agreement with previous turn : Agreeing to a side of arguement
- Assessments: Expresses some form of appreciation : Praising someone
- Newsmakers: Show the speakers turn as news: Oh my god really?
- Questions: Indicate interest or to clarify: What do you study?
- Collaborative completions (overlap): Finish at the same time : See ya! Laters!
- Non-verbal vocalisations: noises encouraging them to continue: uh huh
Modes of Address
- How one person is refered to/changes
- Modes of address are grouped and comments made
e.g.
First name - familiar/casual
Title + surname - formality
Full name - formality/specific
Title + full name - high status
Surname only - rude
Title only - Authority
Position - heirachy/status
Relationship - informal
Honorific - knight/dame (respect)
Endearment - personal relationship
Altered first name - friendship
Altered surname - friendship
Nickname - friendship
Insulting name - friendship
Anacoluthon - A feature of conversation used on a daily basis where the speaker topic shifts mid-sentence. Often shows a lost train of thought or an important point or idea coming to the forefront.
Hedge - A stalling technique to make an utterance more tentative. Sometimes used to give the speaker more time to think, when they are unsure of a reaction to an utterance, to make a statement less direct or to soften it in some way (beating around the bush).
Hesitations - Stage directions (pause) or elipses (...) to indicate a pause. Transcripts give seconds(1). Look at context not all pauses are to allow thinking time.
Overlaps + interruptions - Tells about the relationship and status of two people.
Repairs:
- Self repairs --> when speaker makes error and corrects it
- Other repairs --> another speaker corrects error
- Initiated self repair --> another participant in conversation prompts the repair
Unseen texts:
- Naturally occurring speech (transcript)
- Literary work showing conversation
Social Context:
-Conversation in a social context do not hold much importance to the listener/conversationalist
- People do not tend to remember what is said during the conversation
- Real life
- Between friends, daily conversations
Realism:
-What we read appears to seem real (literary work)
- Tries to be realistic Verbatum - Latin for 'as is'
- Shows something exactly how it is
- Transcripts
Verbatum:
-Latin for 'as is'
- Shows something exactly how it i
- Transcripts
Linguistic Concepts and Approaches-
The Four Frameworks
Contextual Features:
1. Situational Factors - The situation you are in determines how you speak
- Where you are, environment, situation
2. Status and Relationship - Status - hierarchy (Hegemony - The person at the top of the hierarchy has control)
- Relationship - warm or cold relationship, if you care for them
- Symbiotic - both parties get something out of the conversation
3. Discourse Conventions - Discourse - the way in which you communicate
- Conventions - unwritten rules
- Sociolect
4. Purpose - Reason for conversation
Context of Dialogue:
1. Purpose
2. Audience
3. Genre
Interactional Features
1. Turn Taking - When people speak/respond in conversations
2. Pauses - Natural pauses
- Time to think
3. Agenda Setting - Who sets the topic of conversation (hegemony)
4. Modes of Address - What you call someone ('Sir')
Types of Exchange
(way we exchange dialogue)
Utterance Function Expected Response
Adjacency Pairs
1. Statement 2. Question 3. Request
Comment Answer Response
Response Comment Acknowledgement
1. Oh my gosh, you cut your hair!
Yeah, do you like it?
Yeah, it looks nice
2. Do you like my haircut?
Yeah, it looks nice!
Thanks
3. Could you get that for me, please?
Yeah
Thanks
Inference - We infer what has been uttered by understanding what has gone before
Presupposition - We assume something before we hear it uttered
Implicature - Where questions are not always that relevant and meaning
Turntaking
- Linked with power and status
- Taking most turns and speaks for longest --> holding the floor
- Consider context
Topic changes
- conversation changes from one topic to another
- Agenda setting --> person who chooses topic
Back-channel behaviour --> where a listener indicates that they want the speaker to continue
- Continuers : Hands floor back to speaker : What do you think ?
- Acknowledgements: Expresses agreement with previous turn : Agreeing to a side of arguement
- Assessments: Expresses some form of appreciation : Praising someone
- Newsmakers: Show the speakers turn as news: Oh my god really?
- Questions: Indicate interest or to clarify: What do you study?
- Collaborative completions (overlap): Finish at the same time : See ya! Laters!
- Non-verbal vocalisations: noises encouraging them to continue: uh huh
Modes of Address
- How one person is refered to/changes
- Modes of address are grouped and comments made
e.g.
First name - familiar/casual
Title + surname - formality
Full name - formality/specific
Title + full name - high status
Surname only - rude
Title only - Authority
Position - heirachy/status
Relationship - informal
Honorific - knight/dame (respect)
Endearment - personal relationship
Altered first name - friendship
Altered surname - friendship
Nickname - friendship
Insulting name - friendship
Anacoluthon - A feature of conversation used on a daily basis where the speaker topic shifts mid-sentence. Often shows a lost train of thought or an important point or idea coming to the forefront.
Hedge - A stalling technique to make an utterance more tentative. Sometimes used to give the speaker more time to think, when they are unsure of a reaction to an utterance, to make a statement less direct or to soften it in some way (beating around the bush).
Hesitations - Stage directions (pause) or elipses (...) to indicate a pause. Transcripts give seconds(1). Look at context not all pauses are to allow thinking time.
Overlaps + interruptions - Tells about the relationship and status of two people.
Repairs:
- Self repairs --> when speaker makes error and corrects it
- Other repairs --> another speaker corrects error
- Initiated self repair --> another participant in conversation prompts the repair